# NAD+ References: The Cited Literature | NAD+

> NAD+ references: the full citation list behind this digest — human precursor trials, mechanism reviews, and pharmacology, with DOIs and PubMed links for NAD+, NMN, and NR.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources. Human trials, mechanism reviews, and pharmacology, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## How to read this list

The list below is the full reference set behind this digest. The human precursor trials [1][3][4] carry the dose-response and tolerability claims; the mechanism reviews [5][7][8][9][10][15] frame the biochemistry and the state of the evidence; the remaining entries support specific tissue and pathway findings. Every bracketed citation in the body links here.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Bieganowski P, Brenner C. Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans. Cell. 2004;117(4):495-502. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137942/
[7] Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29514064/
[8] Verdin E. NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-1213. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26785480/
[9] Houtkooper RH, Cantó C, Wanders RJ, Auwerx J. The secret life of NAD+: an old metabolite controlling new metabolic signaling pathways. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(2):194-223. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20007326/
[10] Xie N, Zhang L, Gao W, et al. NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):227. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33028824/
[11] Lin JB, Kubota S, Ban N, et al. NAMPT-Mediated NAD+ Biosynthesis Is Essential for Vision In Mice. Cell Rep. 2016;17(1):69-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27681422/
[12] Chellappa K, McReynolds MR, Lu W, et al. NAD precursors cycle between host tissues and the gut microbiome. Cell Metab. 2022;34(12):1947-1959.e5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476934/
[13] Boo YC. Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Evidence for the Applications of Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) to Control Skin Aging and Pigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1315. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34439563/
[14] Han S, Du Z, Liu K, Gong S. Nicotinamide riboside protects noise-induced hearing loss by recovering the hair cell ribbon synapses. Neurosci Lett. 2020;725:134910. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171805/
[15] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/

---

A color-coded poster wall of the NAD+ record — the coenzyme, its oral precursors NMN and NR, and the thin IV-therapy evidence each set in its own block and cited to the study that measured it, with the precursor-not-NAD+ distinction kept exact; no clinic behind the wall and nothing here dosed, compounded, prescribed, or sold.