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NAD Medicine

A bold, block-by-block readout of the NAD+ research — what the human precursor trials (NMN, NR) actually measured, why most oral products are precursors and not NAD+ itself, and where the IV-therapy evidence thins out.

NAD+ / FULL SOURCES AND LINKS

Where Do the NAD+ Findings Come From?

Each bracket number leads here. The full study names and links show exactly which source backs a statement.

Findings in everyday wordsNAD+, NMN, and NR guide

What each kind of NAD+ source can tell you

This list lets you check where each finding began. Human studies [1][3][4] cover blood readings, side effects, and tested amounts. Reviews [5][7][8][9][10][15] describe cell work and gaps in proof. Other papers report mouse aging, sight, skin, and hearing. One mouse paper shows gut bacteria changing swallowed starting substances before they cross the gut wall. A bracket beside a claim brings you here.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Bieganowski P, Brenner C. Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans. Cell. 2004;117(4):495-502. ↗
  7. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. ↗
  8. Verdin E. NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-1213. ↗
  9. Houtkooper RH, Cantó C, Wanders RJ, Auwerx J. The secret life of NAD+: an old metabolite controlling new metabolic signaling pathways. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(2):194-223. ↗
  10. Xie N, Zhang L, Gao W, et al. NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):227. ↗
  11. Lin JB, Kubota S, Ban N, et al. NAMPT-Mediated NAD+ Biosynthesis Is Essential for Vision In Mice. Cell Rep. 2016;17(1):69-85. ↗
  12. Chellappa K, McReynolds MR, Lu W, et al. NAD precursors cycle between host tissues and the gut microbiome. Cell Metab. 2022;34(12):1947-1959.e5. ↗
  13. Boo YC. Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Evidence for the Applications of Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) to Control Skin Aging and Pigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1315. ↗
  14. Han S, Du Z, Liu K, Gong S. Nicotinamide riboside protects noise-induced hearing loss by recovering the hair cell ribbon synapses. Neurosci Lett. 2020;725:134910. ↗
  15. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗