NAD Medicine

THE RECORD / REFERENCES

NAD+ References

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources. Human trials, mechanism reviews, and pharmacology, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Read the researchNAD+ vs NMN and NR

How to read this list

The list below is the full reference set behind this digest. The human precursor trials [1][3][4] carry the dose-response and tolerability claims; the mechanism reviews [5][7][8][9][10][15] frame the biochemistry and the state of the evidence; the remaining entries support specific tissue and pathway findings. Every bracketed citation in the body links here.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Bieganowski P, Brenner C. Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans. Cell. 2004;117(4):495-502. ↗
  7. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. ↗
  8. Verdin E. NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-1213. ↗
  9. Houtkooper RH, Cantó C, Wanders RJ, Auwerx J. The secret life of NAD+: an old metabolite controlling new metabolic signaling pathways. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(2):194-223. ↗
  10. Xie N, Zhang L, Gao W, et al. NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):227. ↗
  11. Lin JB, Kubota S, Ban N, et al. NAMPT-Mediated NAD+ Biosynthesis Is Essential for Vision In Mice. Cell Rep. 2016;17(1):69-85. ↗
  12. Chellappa K, McReynolds MR, Lu W, et al. NAD precursors cycle between host tissues and the gut microbiome. Cell Metab. 2022;34(12):1947-1959.e5. ↗
  13. Boo YC. Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Evidence for the Applications of Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) to Control Skin Aging and Pigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1315. ↗
  14. Han S, Du Z, Liu K, Gong S. Nicotinamide riboside protects noise-induced hearing loss by recovering the hair cell ribbon synapses. Neurosci Lett. 2020;725:134910. ↗
  15. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗